Biography
Madison was natural around King George County, Virginia. His parents Colonel James Madison, Sr. (March 27, 1723 – February 27, 1801) and Eleanor Rose "Nellie" Conway (January 9, 1731 – February 11, 1829) were the prosperous owners of the tobacco plantation in Orange County, Virginia where Madison spent most of his childhood years. Around 1769, he left the plantation to attend Princeton University (it was called a College of Up to date Jersey at a instance), finishing its quadruplet-month course within both years, however exhausting himself from either overworking in the run. Once he regained his health, he became the protégé of Thomas Jefferson. within that capacity he became the large figure in Virginia state politics, helping to draft their declaration of religious freedom and persuading Virginia to give their northwestern territories (consisting of most of modern-contemporary Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee) to the Continental Congress.

Constitutional Convention
In the 1780s, Madison helped convince a political leaders of the instance to require the convention to replenish the uneffective Articles of Confederation. Madison was a better prepared delegate at a Constitutional Convention, and his overall influence at Philadelphia in 1787 has led some historiographer to call for him a "Father of the Constitution." Madison known as for the hard central government sustaining the bicameral legislature. While a issue arose of how else states would exist as represented in a fresh Congress, Madisin was one of the strongest advocates of state representation based on people. His notes from either a Constitutional Convention come a better docudrama grounds to believe i have when to a thought process of what Thomas Jefferson (world health organization was inside France at the period) known as an "assembly of demi-gods."

Federalist Papers
To trend lines Constitutional confirmation within Just released York State, Madison put aside his doubts to function by using Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to write the Federalist Papers, which are considered a definitive contemporary comment on the United States Constitution. Madison's arguments were powerfully influenced per political thought of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.

Madison wrote 30 of a eighty-5 essays that comprise the Federalist Papers, including perchance them best known, Federalist No. 10 and Federalist No. 51. His best known passage comes around There is no. 51:

Inside 1801, in his 1st Inaugural Location, Thomas Jefferson would express the similar sentiment: Congressional years
Once a Constitution was ratified, Madison was elected to the United States House of Representatives from his home state of Virginia and served from a First Congress through the Fourth Congress, and was the member of the Democratic-Republican Party during his final term in the House. Within 1789, he successfully offered a pack of xii projected amendments to a Constitution, the final tenner of which became what is together referred to as the Bill of Rights by December 15, 1791, based upon sooner operate by George Mason. Of a number a single both proposals that were non ratified inside 1791, a 2nd one tardily became the 27th Amendment more than 200 years later around 1992.

A main characteristic of Madison's instance within Congress was his desire to restrict a power of the federal government. Of these incident that demonstrates this want is a debate on top the Bank of the United States, in which Madison & more followers of Thomas Jefferson denied that a federal government experienced the power to form its have bank.

In the period of Madison's period inside Congress, a debate across a power of the federal government versus that of the states led to the formation of the foremost United States political parties. Madison was subservient in the creation of the Democratic-Republican party, whose members supported Jefferson and believed strongly inside limiting focused power. Opposing to a Democratic-Republicans was the Federalist party, whose members followed Hamilton and believed around the hard central government.

Within 1797 Madison left Congress; in 1801 he became Jefferson's Secretary of State.

Presidential years
In the election of 1808, Madison ran for president in his own right, and won, largely on the strength of his abilities in foreign affairs at a time when United Kingdom (Britain) and France were both on the edge of war with the United States. Each countries blockaded a ports of the more, preventing commerce by having either. Within 1810, a bill was passed that would break off relations by having any united states that would non dislodge a blockade: France did, & Britain did does'nt.

In the following War of 1812, the British won many triumph, including the irregular occupation of Washington, D.C., forcing Madison to flee the city. A British besides armed American Indians in the West, most notably followers of Tecumseh. Neither side was terribly enthusiastic just about a war, all a same: the British got little to benefit, & in the United States, New England Federalists threatened secession if the war was non ended. Around 1814, the Treaty of Ghent ended the war. A Battle of New Orleans, in which Andrew Jackson distinguished himself, was fought 15 years fallowing a accord was signed — a news non reaching Louisiana in time from Belgium. A major lasting consequence for a political face of the united states was the prevent of the Federalist Party, who were considered traitors whilst it opposed a war.

Within his survive work prior to allowing professional, Madison vetoed the bill for "internal improvements," including roads, bridges, & canals:

Madison rejected a review of Congress that a General Welfare Clause justified the bill, stating:

Despite Madison's "last stand," and so-supposed pork-barrel spending would soon get banality in the United States.

It should become noted that although Madison would trend lines internal improvement schemes exclusively across constitutional amendment, he urged the kind of measures that he felt were "best executed under the national authority," including federal trend lines for roads & canals that would "bind more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy."

At Pentad feet, Foursome inches around height (163 cm) & Hundred pounds (45 kilo) within weight, Madison was a united states's shortest president & oftentimes sick. Around 1794, Madison married Dolley Payne Todd, who cut when attractive & vibrant the figure when he did the sickly & antisocial 1. It was Dolley world health organization is largely credited sustaining inventing a role of "First Lady" as political ally to the president.

Cabinet

Supreme Court Appointments
Madison appointed a ensuing Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

Gabriel Duvall — 1811 Joseph Story — 1812

States Admitted to the Union
Louisiana – April 30, 1812 Indiana – December 11, 1816

Later Life

When allowing professional, Madison retired to Montpelier, his farm around Virginia. He was a pastor of Jefferson's University of Virginia for ten years until his demise. He died in June 28, 1836 of rheumatism and heart failure.

Madison was a number 1 president of the American Colonization Society, which bought passage for free blacken Americans to the Society's colony around west Africa, Liberia. Per terms of his may [http://www.jamesmadisonmus.org/resources/will.htm], $2000 was bequeathed to the ACS across its professional Rev. Dr. Ralph Randolph Gurley.

Madison's portrait was on the U.S. $5000 bill. There were astir twenty different varieties of $5000 bills issued between 1861 and 1946, and most trey got James Madison. Madison besides appears on the $200 Series EE Savings Bond.

Quotations
"Resolved, That the General Assembly of Virginia, doth unequivocally express a firm resolution to maintain and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of this State, against every aggression either foreign or domestic ... That this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact, to which the states are parties; as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting the compact; as no further valid than they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact; and that in case of deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers, not granted by the said compact, the states who are parties thereto, have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties appertaining to them."

"...[T]he government of the United States is a definite government, confined to specified objects. It is not like the state governments, whose powers are more general. Charity is no part of the legislative duty of the government."

"I cannot undertake to lay my finger on that article of the Constitution which granted a right to Congress of expending, on objects of benevolence, the money of their constituents." —1794 (Pertaining to Congress' appropriation $15,000 for relief of French refugees)

"A standing military force, with an overgrown Executive will not long be safe companions to liberty. The means of defence agst. foreign danger, have been always the instruments of tyranny at home. Among the Romans it was a standing maxim to excite a war, whenever a revolt was apprehended. Throughout all Europe, the armies kept up under the pretext of defending, have enslaved the people." —Constitutional Convention June 29, 1787

"Besides the danger of a direct mixture of religion and civil government, there is an evil which ought to be guarded against in the indefinite accumulation of property from the capacity of holding it in perpetuity by ecclesiastical corporations. The establishment of the chaplainship in Congress is a palpable violation of equal rights as well as of Constitutional principles. The danger of silent accumulations and encroachments by ecclesiastical bodies has not sufficiently engaged attention in the U.S." —existence outvoted in a bill to establish a professional of Congressional Chaplain, from either the "Detached Memoranda,"

"Wherever the real power in a Government lies, there is the danger of oppression. In our Governments, the real power lies in the majority of the Community, and the invasion of private rights is chiefly to be apprehended, not from the acts of Government contrary to the sense of its constituents, but from acts in which the Government is the mere instrument of the major number of the constituents." —Letter to Thomas Jefferson, October 17, 1788